diff --git a/pkg/codegen/modelgenerate/generate_testfile.go b/pkg/codegen/modelgenerate/generate_testfile.go
index df6dd97..a3ca2f0 100644
--- a/pkg/codegen/modelgenerate/generate_testfile.go
+++ b/pkg/codegen/modelgenerate/generate_testfile.go
@@ -101,12 +101,39 @@ func GenerateModelTestAST(tbl pkgschema.Table, schema pkgschema.Schema, gomodNam
 
 	hasCreatedAt, hasUpdatedAt := tbl.HasAutoTimestamps()
 	updateTestFields := UpdateTestFields(tbl)
+	requiredForeignKeys := []pkgschema.Column{}
+	for _, c := range tbl.Columns {
+		// Only ordinary object foreign keys use a distinct TargetObjectID Go type;
+		// code-table foreign keys retain their underlying SQLite type in the generated model.
+		if c.IsNotNull && c.IsNonCodeTableForeignKey() {
+			requiredForeignKeys = append(requiredForeignKeys, c)
+		}
+	}
+	requiredForeignKeyParamNames := paramNamesFor(requiredForeignKeys)
+
+	// Calls made by this generated test do not create related objects themselves. Pass a
+	// zero ID so the generated test remains syntactically valid; callers of MakeXyz provide
+	// IDs of the related objects they create.
+	makeItemArgs := func() (ret []ast.Expr) {
+		for range requiredForeignKeys {
+			ret = append(ret, &ast.BasicLit{Kind: token.INT, Value: "0"})
+		}
+		return
+	}()
 
 	// func MakeItem() Item { return Item{} }
 	makeItemFunc := &ast.FuncDecl{
 		Name: makeHelperName,
 		Type: &ast.FuncType{
-			Params: &ast.FieldList{},
+			Params: &ast.FieldList{List: func() (ret []*ast.Field) {
+				for i, c := range requiredForeignKeys {
+					ret = append(ret, &ast.Field{
+						Names: []*ast.Ident{ast.NewIdent(requiredForeignKeyParamNames[i])},
+						Type:  GoTypeForColumn(c),
+					})
+				}
+				return
+			}()},
 			Results: &ast.FieldList{
 				List: []*ast.Field{
 					{Type: ast.NewIdent(tbl.GoTypeName)},
@@ -120,6 +147,13 @@ func GenerateModelTestAST(tbl pkgschema.Table, schema pkgschema.Schema, gomodNam
 						&ast.CompositeLit{
 							Type: ast.NewIdent(tbl.GoTypeName),
 							Elts: func() (ret []ast.Expr) {
+								// `UpdateTestFields()` skips foreign keys, so this will not cause duplicates
+								for i, c := range requiredForeignKeys {
+									ret = append(ret, &ast.KeyValueExpr{
+										Key:   ast.NewIdent(c.GoFieldName()),
+										Value: ast.NewIdent(requiredForeignKeyParamNames[i]),
+									})
+								}
 								for _, c := range updateTestFields {
 									ret = append(ret, &ast.KeyValueExpr{
 										Key:   ast.NewIdent(c.GoFieldName()),
@@ -242,7 +276,8 @@ func GenerateModelTestAST(tbl pkgschema.Table, schema pkgschema.Schema, gomodNam
 							Tok: map[bool]token.Token{true: token.DEFINE, false: token.ASSIGN}[isFirst],
 							Rhs: []ast.Expr{
 								&ast.CallExpr{
-									Fun: ast.NewIdent("Make" + tbl.GoTypeName),
+									Fun:  ast.NewIdent("Make" + tbl.GoTypeName),
+									Args: makeItemArgs,
 								},
 							},
 						},
@@ -329,7 +364,7 @@ func GenerateModelTestAST(tbl pkgschema.Table, schema pkgschema.Schema, gomodNam
 					&ast.AssignStmt{
 						Lhs: []ast.Expr{testObj},
 						Tok: token.DEFINE,
-						Rhs: []ast.Expr{&ast.CallExpr{Fun: makeHelperName, Args: nil}},
+						Rhs: []ast.Expr{&ast.CallExpr{Fun: makeHelperName, Args: makeItemArgs}},
 					},
 					// item.Description = <sample value, offset 1>
 					// ...one assignment per updatable field